German author Ernst Jünger used the term to describe Arthur Heffter in his 1970 essay on his own extensive drug experiences Annäherungen: Drogen und Rausch (literally: "Approaches: Drugs and Inebriation"). A 1968 magazine, Beyond Baroque, refers to Timothy Leary as a psychonaut. The first reference that corresponds to contemporary usages of the term was in the 1965 edition of the Group Psychotherapy journal. The term psychonautics derives from the prior term psychonaut, which began appearing in North American works in the late 1950s. Ī person who uses altered states for such exploration is known as a psychonaut. Self-experimentation of psychedelics in groups may foster innovation of alternative medication treatment. The term has been applied diversely, to cover all activities by which altered states are induced and utilized for spiritual purposes or the exploration of the human condition, including shamanism, lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, sensory deprivation, and archaic/modern drug users who use entheogenic substances in order to gain deeper insights and spiritual experiences. Psychonautics (from the Ancient Greek ψυχή psychē 'soul, spirit, mind' and ναύτης naútēs 'sailor, navigator') refers both to a methodology for describing and explaining the subjective effects of altered states of consciousness, including those induced by meditation or mind-altering substances, and to a research cabal in which the researcher voluntarily immerses themselves into an altered mental state in order to explore the accompanying experiences. Illustration from The Secret of the Golden Flower, a Chinese book of alchemy and meditation.
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